British Land Revenue Policy In India
Post on 20,July 2013   5:51 AM
By - Mr. Om Singh
views 7030

The East India Company needed Indian revenues to pay for its purchase of Indian Handicrafts and other goods for export, meet the cost of the conquest of the whole of India and the consolidation of British rule, Pay for employment of thousands of Englishmen in superior administrative and military positions. To meet the cost of administrative and economic charges needed to fully penetrate Indian Villages and far flung areas. This meant step rise in the burden of taxation on the Indian peasant. In fact, nearly all the major changes in the administration, and the wars of British expansion in India had to be borne by Indian peasant or ryot.

The major revenue collection system followed by the British to extract maximum from Indian landmass were Permanent Settlement,  Ryotwari Settelement and Mahalwari System.

Permanent Settlement: The permanent settlement was introduced in Bengal and Bihar by Lord Cornwallis. It had two special features. First the Zamindars and revenue collectors were converted into so many landlords. They were not only to act as agents of the government in collecting land revenue from ryot but also to become the owners of the entire land in their zamindaris. Their right of ownership was made hereditary and transferable. On other hand the cultivators were reduced to the low status of mere tenants and were deprived of long standing rights to the soil and other customary rights.

In this system of land revenue collection Zamindars were bound to give 10/11th of the total they derived from the peasantry. If the rental of Zamindar’s were estate increased owing to extension of cultivation and improvement in agriculture, or his capacity of extract more from his tenants ,or may other reason , he would keep the entire amount of the increase. The government would not make any further demand upon him. The Zamindars had to pay his pre fixed revenue rigidly on the due date or even crop failed for some reason and if they failed to do so their lands were sold.   

Ryotwari Settlement:  This system of land revenue collection most prevailed in South-West India.  Here the cultivators were recognized to be the owner of the land which was subject to the payment of land revenue. The settlement under Ryotwari system was not permanent. This was revised after 20 to 30 years.

Mahalwari System: A modified version of the Zamindari settlement, introduced in the Ganga Valley, the North-West Provinces, parts of central India and the Punjab was known as Mahalwari System. The revenue settlement was made village by village or by estate (mahal) by estate with landlords or heads of families who collectively claimed to be the landlords of the village or the estate. The Punjab a modified Mahalwari System as the village system was introduced. In Mahalwari areas also, the land revenue was periodically modified. 


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